CTET 2026 Paper II (Maths & Science) — AI Predicted (Set 1)

Q1. A child correctly conserves number (understanding that 8 counters spread apart are still 8) before they can conserve volume (understanding equal liquid poured into different-shaped containers remains equal). Piaget termed this uneven development across tasks:

1. (A) Egocentrism
2. (B) Equilibration
3. (C) Object permanence
4. (D) Horizontal decalage

Explanation: Horizontal decalage refers to the inconsistent, uneven application of a cognitive ability across different types of tasks within the same developmental stage — such as conserving number before volume.

Q2. According to Vygotsky, symbolic systems like language, counting systems, and writing that mediate thinking are called:

1. (A) Unconditioned stimuli
2. (B) Psychological/cultural tools
3. (C) Reflexes
4. (D) Physical tools only

Explanation: Vygotsky distinguished physical tools (which act on the environment) from psychological/cultural tools like language and number systems, which mediate and shape thinking itself.

Q3. The process by which external social speech and shared activity gradually become internal, silent thought is called, in Vygotsky's theory:

1. (A) Assimilation
2. (B) Habituation
3. (C) Internalisation
4. (D) Extinction

Explanation: Internalisation is Vygotsky's term for the process by which knowledge and skills first experienced through social interaction gradually become part of the individual's own independent, internal thought processes.